Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Comparative Politics
Comparative politics is a subdiscipline of political science that examines and compares political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across countries. It seeks to identify patterns, similarities, and differences among political entities to enhance understanding of how diverse governance models address common challenges.[15.1] The field has evolved from focusing on public law, which described legal institutions of foreign governments, to analyzing political behavior in structural and functional terms. This shift, known as the comparative politics revolution of the 1950s, has led to a nuanced exploration of political dynamics, including regimes, political conflict, mass mobilization, and instability.[18.1] Daniele Caramani highlights that comparative politics involves both substantive and methodological dimensions. Substantively, it examines power relationships within political systems. Methodologically, it identifies and explains differences and similarities between cases using established rules and concepts.[16.1] Arend Lijphart emphasizes the methodological focus of comparative politics, prioritizing the "how" of analysis. This approach enables researchers to formulate and test hypotheses, identify causal relationships, and develop generalizable theories, contributing to a deeper understanding of the political landscape.[15.1]Importance and Scope
Comparative politics is essential for understanding political conflicts and devising strategies for their resolution. By examining successful conflict resolution efforts in countries like South Africa and Northern Ireland, researchers can develop frameworks applicable to regions facing similar challenges, such as Kashmir and the North-East of India.[7.1] This discipline explores the sources of conflict at various levels—community, state, and interstate—emphasizing that while peace is a universal goal, there are no universally optimal strategies to achieve it.[8.1] Governments utilize diverse methods to manage conflicts, including enforcement, adjudication, mediation, and redressal. Enforcement involves using police and military force to restore order, while adjudication resolves disputes through judicial processes. Mediation and persuasion focus on negotiating with conflicting parties and leveraging civil society to maintain peace.[9.1] In contexts with robust state institutions, the state often plays a primary role in addressing conflicts, highlighting the importance of institutional strength in conflict resolution.[10.1] Social movements have significantly influenced political change across countries, employing strategies such as civil disobedience, grassroots activism, and peaceful resistance. These movements have historically shaped political landscapes and societal norms, demonstrating their capacity to effect substantial and enduring changes in politics.[11.1] For example, the Civil Rights Movement in the United States marked a pivotal moment in the struggle for racial equality and inspired similar movements globally.[14.1] In contemporary contexts, movements like Black Lives Matter have transitioned from fringe to mainstream support, illustrating how shifts in public opinion and the use of digital media can mobilize significant political action.[13.1] The evolution of comparative politics has been marked by methodological advancements, such as the behavioral revolution, which has transformed our understanding of political institutions and behavior.[23.1] This evolution underscores the necessity of comparison in developing generalizations about politics and government, thereby enhancing the methods and results of comparative research.[22.1] As comparative political theory continues to evolve, it advocates for greater engagement between Western and non-Western traditions, enriching the discourse and methodological approaches within the field.[19.1]In this section:
History
Ancient Foundations
Comparative politics traces its origins to ancient philosophical inquiries, notably those of Aristotle, who is considered a foundational figure in the field. His classification of Greek city-states based on rulers and governance quality represents one of the earliest systematic approaches to comparative political analysis.[59.1] Aristotle's work laid the groundwork for future scholars to explore political regimes, emphasizing empirical observation and justice in governance.[62.1] As the discipline evolved, particularly during the transition from classical to modern political philosophy, scholars adopted more scientific methodologies. This included the use of quantitative data and statistical analysis, enabling rigorous testing of political theories and models.[60.1] These developments have enhanced the understanding of political systems and their complexities. Despite methodological advancements, there is concern that contemporary students may not fully engage with Aristotle's "Politics," potentially hindering their grasp of regime nature and governance principles.[61.1] Aristotle's nuanced view of democracy, recognizing it as flawed yet necessary, remains a relevant framework for critiquing modern political structures.[63.1] The historical evolution of comparative politics also highlights the interconnectedness of global political systems, requiring analyses that transcend national borders. The field increasingly emphasizes economic and social factors in shaping political institutions, especially in newly independent states.[64.1] In today's context, Aristotle's insights offer valuable perspectives on contemporary challenges such as globalization, technological disruption, and balancing competing societal interests.[65.1]Evolution Through the Ages
The study of comparative politics has evolved significantly over the centuries, beginning with the foundational contributions of ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who laid the groundwork for the comparative analysis of political institutions and processes. This early interest in comparing different forms of governance continued to develop, particularly in the 19th century, when political scientists began to employ systematic methodologies to analyze the organization, powers, and functions of various political institutions across states. This period marked the formalization of comparative politics, often referred to as comparative government, which sought to derive valid conclusions about state organization and governance through comparative studies.[74.1] The late 19th and early 20th centuries were particularly formative for the field, as scholars like James Bryce and Samuel Finer focused on philosophical questions regarding good governance and the legal structures that underpin political systems. Their work emphasized the distribution of power within Western political frameworks, contributing to a deeper understanding of governance.[74.1] During this time, the methodologies employed by political scientists began to shift, moving towards a more behavioral approach that sought to understand political phenomena through empirical observation and analysis.[48.1] Post-World War II, the discipline underwent further transformation, with the emergence of modern comparative politics that expanded beyond mere descriptive comparisons of government structures. Influenced by scholars such as R.C. Macridis and Harold Lasswell, this new approach incorporated political processes, parties, and informal institutions, thereby broadening the scope of analysis.[44.1] The comparative method became a powerful research strategy, allowing scholars to identify patterns, formulate hypotheses, and develop generalizable theories about political systems and behaviors across different contexts.[46.1] In the latter half of the 20th century, the field saw the rise of new theoretical frameworks, particularly historical institutionalism, which emphasized the role of institutions in shaping political outcomes over time. This approach has been instrumental in understanding how established policies and institutional structures influence the behavior of political actors.[78.1] As comparative politics continues to evolve, it remains a dynamic field that integrates various methodologies and theoretical perspectives to address the complexities of governance in an increasingly interconnected world.In this section:
Theoretical Frameworks
Rational Choice Institutionalism
Rational choice institutionalism is a theoretical framework that combines rational choice theory with institutional analysis to explain political behavior and decision-making processes. It suggests that individuals make political decisions based on self-interest, conducting a cost-benefit analysis to maximize personal gains while minimizing losses. This approach is particularly effective in explaining voting behavior, policy-making, and the dynamics of power within political institutions.[95.1] The behavioral approach, often linked to rational choice theory, focuses on understanding political behavior through empirical observation and analysis. It has evolved to incorporate various methodologies, such as historical and post-behavioral methods, enhancing the understanding of political dynamics.[84.1] The integration of rational choice and behavioral approaches has led to a more nuanced understanding of political behavior, as scholars explore the application of these methodologies in real-world political analysis.[92.1] Recent advancements in comparative political methodology have further transformed the study of rational choice institutionalism. The use of new methods, including big data analysis and experimental techniques, has created opportunities to explore complex political phenomena, such as climate change, through comparative methods.[107.1] These methodological innovations enable a more comprehensive analysis of how institutions influence political behavior and governance, enriching the theoretical landscape of comparative politics.Historical Institutionalism
Historical institutionalism is a significant theoretical framework within comparative politics that emphasizes the influence of historical processes and institutional development on political behavior and outcomes. This approach posits that institutions are shaped by historical contexts and evolve over time, affecting the decisions and actions of political actors. A core tenet of historical institutionalism is the concept of path dependency, where decisions made at critical junctures can have enduring effects on political trajectories. This can result in societies being locked into specific developmental paths, as the establishment of certain political institutions during formative periods often leads to persistent patterns of governance and policy-making that are challenging to change later on.[85.1] Furthermore, historical institutionalism considers both formal and informal institutions, acknowledging that unwritten norms and practices significantly influence political behavior. This perspective provides a nuanced understanding of institutional operations by examining the interplay between formal rules and informal practices, which may either complement or undermine official structures.[99.1] Additionally, historical institutionalism has been instrumental in exploring the role of cultural factors and social practices in shaping political outcomes. By recognizing the impact of cultural norms and values, this framework offers insights into the variations in political engagement and activism across different societies.[96.1]Methodologies In Comparative Politics
Comparative Method
The comparative method is a fundamental approach in comparative politics, focusing on the systematic study and comparison of political systems, institutions, and outcomes across different contexts. This method enables researchers to identify patterns and causal relationships between variables, facilitating the development of theories that explain variations in political outcomes across countries.[130.1] By employing this method, analysts can formulate and test hypotheses, thereby enhancing our understanding of complex political phenomena.[125.1] In comparative politics, the selection of cases is crucial for meaningful analysis. Researchers often utilize purposive case selection, driven by specific outcomes or theories of interest rather than random sampling.[135.1] This approach allows for a focused examination of political systems that share certain characteristics while differing in the outcomes being studied. For instance, the method of difference selects cases similar in all relevant aspects except for the outcome being explained, while the method of agreement focuses on cases that differ in most respects except for the outcome and its explanation.[134.1] Additionally, the comparative method can be categorized into different designs, such as Most Similar Systems Design, where cases are chosen for their similarities but exhibit different outcomes, and large-N studies, which involve a higher number of cases to identify broader trends.[131.1] Each design contributes to a nuanced understanding of governance and political dynamics across various contexts.[132.1]Statistical and Case Study Methods
Statistical methods play a crucial role in comparative political analysis, providing researchers with the tools necessary to uncover causal relationships and analyze complex data sets. These methods are characterized by their precision and objectivity, allowing for the examination of multiple variables and long-term trends across different political systems.[158.1] However, researchers must be aware of common pitfalls when interpreting statistical results. For instance, many political commentators lack training in psychology or statistics, which can lead to misinterpretations of polling results and political preferences.[137.1] Additionally, researchers should be cautious of the margin of error in their analyses; if the difference between groups is smaller than this margin, it may indicate no meaningful difference, often attributed to random fluctuations.[138.1] In conjunction with statistical methods, case study approaches are also integral to comparative politics. Case studies allow for a deeper exploration of specific instances within broader trends, providing context and nuance that quantitative methods may overlook. Scholars advocate for methodological pluralism, suggesting that while case studies can stand alone, they also complement and enhance quantitative analyses.[152.1] However, the selection bias is a significant concern in case study research, particularly in broader cross-national studies where the data generation process may introduce biases.[149.1] To mitigate these biases, researchers can employ strategies such as ensuring representative case selection and being transparent about the mechanisms used to minimize bias in their analyses.[151.1] Ultimately, the combination of statistical and case study methods enriches the field of comparative politics, enabling researchers to draw more robust conclusions and communicate complex findings effectively to a broader audience.[157.1] By understanding the strengths and limitations of each approach, scholars can better navigate the challenges of comparative research and contribute to the development of evidence-based political analysis.Recent Advancements
Behavioral Revolution
The behavioral revolution in comparative politics marked a pivotal transformation in the discipline, emphasizing empirical research and the scientific method as a response to the limitations of traditional approaches that relied heavily on historical narratives and grand theories. Scholars aimed to create a more rigorous framework for understanding political behavior through quantifiable data and systematic analysis.[163.1] A key catalyst for the behavioral revolution was the tension between universal and contextualized knowledge, underscoring the necessity for a nuanced understanding of political phenomena.[177.1] This shift gained momentum with the establishment of the Social Science Research Council's Committee on Comparative Politics, which promoted methodological innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration.[177.1] Consequently, researchers prioritized empirical data collection, leading to the development of methodologies that enabled precise hypothesis testing and analysis.[176.1] The behavioral revolution also integrated public policy and political economy into comparative politics, shifting the focus from grand theories to specific problem-solving approaches.[162.1] This evolution allowed scholars to explore the state's role in development and the impact of political decisions on economic outcomes, thereby linking political science with practical policy analysis.[162.1] Ultimately, the behavioral revolution not only transformed the methodologies in comparative politics but also enriched the theoretical frameworks guiding contemporary research.[194.1]Impact of Globalization
Globalization has profoundly impacted democratic institutions and political landscapes across various cultural contexts. It has facilitated the global acceptance of liberal democracy and free market economies as preferred frameworks, leading to democratic transitions in regions such as Asia, Africa, Latin America, and post-communist societies.[178.1] This shift has fostered a consensus around minimalist liberal democracy, particularly within the global aid industry, further propelling these transitions.[178.1] However, globalization also challenges democratic decision-making by undermining traditional notions of consent and sovereignty. The rise of neoliberalism and the influence of international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), exert external pressures on domestic policies, prompting a reevaluation of governance structures at various levels.[180.1] This dynamic can dilute the effectiveness of local political institutions, complicating their ability to maintain democratic resilience in the face of global pressures.[180.1] The interplay between globalization and local political institutions affects the resilience of democracies. Political party systems committed to democracy and pluralism are better equipped to withstand anti-democratic forces, enhancing the overall resilience of democratic systems.[182.1] Conversely, globalization can exacerbate vulnerabilities within these systems, particularly in multicultural societies where differential impacts on cultural groups may lead to tensions and challenges in political participation.[179.1] In response to global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, local and regional governments have emerged as vital actors in reinforcing democratic resilience. These governments play a crucial role in countering democratic backsliding by fostering accountability and strong governance at the local level.[181.1] Thus, while globalization presents both opportunities and challenges, the capacity of local political institutions to adapt and respond effectively is essential for sustaining democratic practices in an increasingly interconnected world.In this section:
Key Areas Of Study
Political Regimes and Governance
Comparative politics covers a wide array of topics, with a notable emphasis on political regimes and governance. This field investigates various political systems, institutions, and processes across countries to discern patterns, similarities, and differences. Such comparative analysis is crucial for comprehending the organization and nature of states and governments, a focus that dates back to Aristotle's era.[203.1] A central theme in comparative politics is the study of democratization processes. The late twentieth century marked the "Third Wave" of democratization, during which the global viability of democracy was examined in both historical and international contexts. Statistical data revealed that about 63% of states could be categorized as electoral democracies.[206.1] Successful democratic transitions often involve mass mobilization, which plays a vital role in generating irreversible momentum for change.[208.1] Civil society's role is also crucial in political regimes and governance. Organizations within civil society aid in conflict prevention, containment, and resolution, while promoting participatory democracy and equitable resource distribution.[214.1] They advocate for minority rights and mediate disputes, fostering dialogue and reconciliation among diverse groups.[214.1] Moreover, the relationship between economic inequality and political stability is a significant focus within comparative politics. Research suggests that economic inequality can lead to democratic erosion by reducing political trust and being perceived as a failure of the political system.[217.1] The quality of institutions influences the link between income inequality and civic participation, indicating that higher inequality can lead to increased civic engagement, potentially resulting in political instability if institutional quality is inadequate.[218.1]Electoral Systems and Political Behavior
Electoral systems and political behavior are pivotal areas of study within comparative politics, as they significantly influence the functioning of democracies and the nature of political engagement among citizens. A key debate in this field centers on the relationship between a country's wealth and its level of democracy. Scholars have sought to establish a causal link between economic growth and democratic development, though these efforts often face substantial criticisms questioning the validity of their conclusions.[201.1] The examination of electoral systems includes analyzing how different voting mechanisms affect political behavior, such as shaping party systems, voter turnout, and the overall political landscape. Various empirical methodologies have been employed to explore these dynamics, providing insights into how electoral frameworks impact citizen participation and representation.[201.1] Additionally, the interplay between economic conditions and political behavior remains a vital area of inquiry. Researchers continue to investigate how economic factors may influence voter preferences and party alignment, further complicating the relationship between wealth and democracy.[201.1] This ongoing discourse underscores the complexity of political systems and the necessity for robust empirical methodologies to uncover the nuanced interactions between electoral systems and political behavior.Comparative Politics In Practice
Case Studies of Different Political Systems
Comparative politics systematically examines various political systems to analyze their similarities and differences. This field, which has evolved significantly since Aristotle's extensive study of 158 constitutions and classification of political systems, is foundational to understanding political dynamics.[240.1] It now encompasses a wide range of political systems, including democracies, autocracies, and economic frameworks such as capitalism and communism.[243.1] A key methodology in comparative politics is the examination of political institutions and their impact on governance and societal outcomes. Scholars like Arend Lijphart emphasize the importance of methodological approaches in analysis, focusing on "the how" rather than specific substantive content.[241.1] This perspective allows researchers to identify and explain the factors contributing to the functioning of different political systems. In the 19th century, comparative politics, often referred to as comparative government, gained popularity among political scientists. This period marked a shift towards using comparative studies to derive conclusions about the nature and organization of states and governments.[242.1] Insights from these studies have been crucial in understanding how political institutions operate and their effects on political stability and economic development. For example, the relationship between political stability and economic policies is evident in countries like Yemen and South Sudan, where instability has hindered economic development and exacerbated social issues such as poverty and lack of access to education and healthcare.[248.1] Conversely, political stability fosters an environment conducive to effective policy-making and investment, essential for economic growth.[250.1] This interplay underscores the importance of understanding political systems in a comparative context, informing both domestic policy and international relations. Moreover, comparative politics provides insights into how different governance models address global challenges, such as climate change and migration. By exploring political responses across countries, it guides policymakers in developing strategies informed by successful practices from other systems.[252.1] This approach enhances our understanding of political dynamics and fosters a nuanced perspective on global issues that transcend national boundaries.In this section:
Challenges And Future Directions
Emerging Trends in Comparative Politics
Emerging trends in comparative politics demonstrate a dynamic evolution shaped by diverse methodological approaches and the integration of new technologies. The field has undergone significant transformations, particularly with the rise of behavioralism, structural-functionalism, systems theory, and post-behavioral approaches, which have collectively influenced its methodological framework and academic discipline.[283.1] A notable development is the increasing use of mixed-methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to offer a more comprehensive understanding of complex political phenomena. This integration aims to enhance objectivity and mitigate biases in research outcomes, addressing a central issue in the social sciences regarding the effective combination of different analytic methods.[289.1] Despite its potential benefits, there remains a lack of systematic guides for implementing mixed methods in comparative analysis, highlighting the need for further development in this area.[291.1] Moreover, the impact of technology and big data is becoming increasingly prominent in comparative politics research. Advances in computing power over the past four decades have transformed research methodologies, enabling more sophisticated analyses and the use of computational methods alongside traditional approaches.[293.1] This technological evolution is expected to influence future methodologies, allowing researchers to address contemporary political issues with greater precision and depth. Furthermore, scholars like Schmitter emphasize the importance of addressing context, complexity, and aggregate dynamics in future comparative politics studies. This perspective advocates for a pragmatic and realistic analytical method that moves beyond simplified cross-national generalizations.[282.1] As the field continues to evolve, these emerging trends will play a crucial role in shaping the future directions of comparative politics, ensuring its relevance and adaptability in an increasingly complex global landscape.In this section:
References
[7] Identifying Relationships through Comparative Politics — Comparative politics can help identify the root causes of political conflicts and suggest strategies for resolution. By examining successful conflict resolution efforts in countries like South Africa and Northern Ireland, researchers can develop frameworks for addressing conflicts in other regions, such as Kashmir or the North-East of India.
[8] Peace and Conflict: Alternative Strategies of Governance and Conflict ... — This article examines the present discourse of conflict resolution and offers an alternative framework for analyzing the generic sources of conflict at the community, state, and interstate levels. In particular, we argue that although peace is a universal value, there are no universally best strategies to achieve it. ... Comparative Politics
[9] Government Methods and Strategies for Conflict Resolution — Governments use various methods to manage conflicts, including enforcement, adjudication, mediation, and redressal. Enforcement involves using police and military force to restore order and prosecute violators. Adjudication resolves disputes through judicial or quasi-judicial processes. Mediation and persuasion involve negotiating with conflicting parties and using civil society to maintain
[10] PDF — 4 institutions are strong: in such cases the state will most likely be the main actor addressing these conflicts4. While the state can be expected to play a role in the prevention or resolution of
[11] The Impact of Social Movements on Politics - HumanitySciences — Social movements have greatly influenced political change by using civil disobedience, grassroots activism, and peaceful resistance. Social movements can take advantage of political changes. Social movements make changes in different ways. Social movements have always been key in changing the political scene and society. The way social movements and voting mix has changed a lot in politics. Social movements make a big impact on society and politics but face hard challenges. The success of these social movements in bringing real change is vital for the future of politics. Social movements make significant and long-lasting changes to politics. As both society and politics keep changing, the role of social movements stays big.
[13] Social Movements and Policy Change - Government Affairs Institute — Such contrasts include the groundwork of previous organizing, changes in media, shifts in public opinion, the nature of the policies in question, and congressional functionality. But this seems to work for BLM—their public support has gone from fringe to mainstream, their network is active in many settings and can mobilize quickly for protests, and spin-off efforts such as Campaign Zero, prompted by a criticism that they lacked policy specifics, created a raft of researched reform proposals. When one thinks about what influences reform possibilities, the above factors– groundwork of previous organizing, changes in media, shifts in public opinion, the nature of the policies in question, and congressional functionality—are important indicators.
[14] 18 Social Movements That Transformed Societies Around the Globe — Civil Rights Movement (United States) The Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. marked a pivotal point in the struggle for racial equality. Its success inspired other human rights movements globally. LGBTQ+ Rights Movement (Global) The Feminist Movement, with roots in the late 19th century, has fought for women’s rights across social, political, and economic domains. The Me Too Movement (Global) The Disability Rights Movement (Global) The movement continues today, focusing on issues such as wage inequality and workers’ rights in the gig economy. The movement advocated for women’s rights, reproductive health, LGBTQ+ rights, and racial equality. Image Editorial Credit: The Abolitionist Movement (United States)/ Wikimedia Commons The movement’s call for a world free of nuclear threats continues to resonate globally.
[15] Understanding the Comparative Method in Political Science — Comparative Politics – Issues and TrendsExploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. Imagine trying to understand the political systems of different countries without a method to compare them. Unlike other methods like experimental, statistical, or case study methods, the comparative method focuses on comparing political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts to identify patterns and draw conclusions. The comparative method is a powerful research strategy in political science that helps us understand political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts. By using the comparative method, researchers can formulate and test hypotheses, identify causal relationships, and develop generalizable theories that help us make sense of the complex political world.
[16] PDF — Comparative politics is emerging as a distinct subdiscipline of political science, defined by both substantive and methodological criteria.1 Substantively, research in comparative politics seeks to account for variation among political units on consequential social, political, cultural and economic outcomes. Comparative politics research places
[18] Comparative Politics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — 2.3 Political Science. The 1950s comparative politics revolution shifted that field from one that tended to emphasize public law and to describe the legal institutions of foreign governments to the explanation of political behavior in structural and functional terms. Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell (1978), for instance, used the developmental variables of cultural secularization and
[19] Contextualizing Concepts: The Methodology of Comparative Political ... — Over the last twenty years, comparative political theory has emerged as a distinctive contribution to contemporary theoretical and methodological debate in making the case for greater engagement between "Western" and "non-Western" traditions. While comparative political theory includes multiple methodological approaches and numerous objectives, this article argues for an interpretive
[22] Comparative Politics: Theory and Methods | SpringerLink — Comparison is essential for the development of generalizations about politics and government. This book examines the issues involved in the attempts to compare political systems, and discusses how the methods and results of Comparative Politics can be improved. Covering a wide range of approaches to comparative research and presenting an array of case examples to illustrate his argument, Guy
[23] (PDF) The past and present of comparative politics - ResearchGate — The evolution of comparative politics is seen as punctuated by two revolutions: the behavioral revolution, during the immediate post-World War II years until the mid-1960s, and the second
[44] Evolution and Definition of Comparative Politics: A Modern Perspective — Comparative Politics aims to explore the similarities and differences in political systems across countries. Distinguished from comparative government, which is older and more descriptive, comparative politics is broader and includes political processes, parties, and informal institutions. The modern approach emerged post-WWII, influenced by scholars like R.C. Macridis, Harold Lasswell, and
[46] Understanding the Comparative Method in Political Science — Comparative Politics – Issues and TrendsExploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. Imagine trying to understand the political systems of different countries without a method to compare them. Unlike other methods like experimental, statistical, or case study methods, the comparative method focuses on comparing political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts to identify patterns and draw conclusions. The comparative method is a powerful research strategy in political science that helps us understand political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts. By using the comparative method, researchers can formulate and test hypotheses, identify causal relationships, and develop generalizable theories that help us make sense of the complex political world.
[48] (PDF) The past and present of comparative politics - ResearchGate — political science as an autonomous discipline, a process init iated in the late 19th century, the evolution of comparative politics wa s punctuated by two r evolutions: the behavioral
[59] PDF — OMPARATIVE POLITICS CLAIMS A VENERABLE TRADITION DATING from Aristotle's classification of Greek city-states according to the number of their rulers and the quality of their rule. 1 . Throughout its evolution out of successive eras of classical and modern political philosophy into modern social science, comparative politics
[60] The Beginnings of Comparative Political Analysis — The evolution of comparative political analysis 🔗. As the field of comparative political analysis evolved, scholars began to adopt more scientific methods, incorporating quantitative data and statistical analysis. This shift allowed for more rigorous testing of theories and models, leading to a deeper understanding of political systems.
[61] Contemporary Comparative Politics and Revival of Regime Analysis: Or ... — But if this situation continues and future students of comparative politics are not exposed to the lessons about the nature and workings of regimes that Aristotle's Politics offers, and are only encouraged or only exposed to whatever current tools of analysis the currently ruling mythological fad of the current orthodoxy in the field compels
[62] The Contemporary Relevance of Aristotle's Political Philosophy — Understanding Political TheoryPolitical theory provides the analytical tools to critically examine political ideas, ideologies, and institutions, fostering a deeper understanding of governance and power dynamics. Classical Political PhilosophyClassical Political Philosophy explores foundational ideas and theories from ancient thinkers like Plato and Aristotle, shaping the principles of governance, justice, and ethics. Modern Political PhilosophyModern Political Philosophy explores the ideas and theories that have shaped contemporary political thought, focusing on concepts like democracy, justice, and individual rights. Aristotle’s insights into citizenship and the role of the state offer valuable perspectives for understanding contemporary political challenges. Aristotle’s political philosophy, with its emphasis on empirical observation, justice, and the role of the state, remains deeply relevant in contemporary discussions on fairness, human rights, and governance.
[63] Aristotle's Philosophy and the State: A Comparative Study — Aristotle's nuanced view of democracy, as a flawed but necessary system of governance, remains particularly pertinent in today's dynamic political climate. His analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of democracy offers a timeless framework for understanding and critiquing our contemporary political structures. Comparative Analysis: East
[64] Historical Evolution of Comparative Politics: From Aristotle to ... — Historical Evolution of Comparative Politics: From Aristotle to Globalisation • BA Notes Comparative Government and Politics State Politics in India Comparative Government and Politics Historical Evolution of Comparative Politics: From Aristotle to Globalisation At the heart of this exploration is comparative politics, a field dedicated to understanding and explaining the inner workings of governments, political systems, and behaviors globally. It emphasized the role of economic and social factors in shaping political institutions and was instrumental in understanding the political development trajectories of newly independent states. The interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures, and political systems has necessitated a comparative analysis that transcends national borders. Comparative Government and Politics Comparative Study of Politics: Nature and Scope 2 Methods of Comparative Political Analysis
[65] Revisiting the Foundations: Aristotle's 'Politics' in the Modern Era — Revisiting the Foundations: Aristotle's 'Politics' in the Modern Era - Evenpolitics In an era of political polarization, where ideological purity often trumps practical solutions, Aristotle’s emphasis on balance and moderation offers a refreshing perspective. While the specifics of governance may have changed dramatically since Aristotle’s time, the fundamental challenges of organizing human societies, balancing competing interests, and fostering justice and virtue remain remarkably constant. As we navigate the complexities of 21st-century politics, from globalization and technological disruption to climate change and resurgent nationalism, Aristotle’s “Politics” offers a valuable perspective. For anyone seeking to understand the foundations of political thought or to gain fresh perspectives on contemporary political challenges, Aristotle’s “Politics” remains an indispensable guide, as relevant and thought-provoking today as it was more than two millennia ago.
[74] Comparative Politics in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries — The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a formative period for the field of comparative politics. Scholars like James Bryce and Samuel Finer laid the groundwork for understanding political systems by focusing on philosophical questions of good governance, emphasizing legal structures, and analyzing the distribution of power within Western
[78] Historical Institutionalism in Public Policy | SpringerLink — Historical Institutionalism in Public Policy | SpringerLink Historical Institutionalism in Public Policy Public policy scholars who adopt an HI approach view established public policies through this same lens: that is, as institutions that affect the behaviour of political actors, including policy makers (Pierson, 2000b: 264–5). Ideas and institutional change in social security: Conversion, layering, and policy drift. Ideas, institutions, and policy change. Historical institutionalism and the politics of institutional change. Longstreth (Eds.), Structuring politics: Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis. Journal of Public Policy, 36(4), 639–644. When effect becomes cause: Policy feedback and political change. Structuring politics: Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis. Historical institutionalism in comparative politics. Journal of Public Policy, 30(2), 137–162. Historical Institutionalism in Public Policy. In: van Gerven, M., Rothmayr Allison, C., Schubert, K.
[84] Theories Of Comparative Politics | The Search For A Paradigm Reconside — Building upon the first edition's comprehensive and systematic overview of frameworks, ideologies, and theories, the second edition highlights new directions and developments over the past decade, including the continuation of an ideological political science methodological innovations such as rational-choice, historical, and postbehavioural
[85] Key Theories in Comparative Politics: Nigerian Context — Dependency Theory is a key framework in comparative politics that examines the economic disparities between developed and developing nations. ... Institutionalism is a theoretical framework in Comparative Politics that focuses on the role of institutions in shaping political behavior, decision-making processes, and outcomes.
[92] A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective ... — A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997 - Volume 92 Issue 1. ... " An Evolutionary Approach to Explaining Cooperative Behavior by Reciprocal Incentives." International Journal of Game Theory 24 (4):
[95] Rational Choice Theory: Examples - StudySmarter — Rational choice theory in politics posits that individuals make political decisions based on self-interest and cost-benefit analysis, aiming to maximise their personal gains and minimise losses. This theory is commonly utilised to explain and predict political actions, such as voting behaviour, policy-making, and power dynamics within political
[96] PDF — Cultural norms and values provide the framework for what is considered acceptable political behavior, influencing whether societies lean towards formal participation or more radical activism. Cultural factors such as norms, values, identity, and religion play a pivotal role in shaping political participation and activism. By examining how cultural contexts influence political behavior, we gain insights into why political engagement varies across different societies and how cultural dynamics shape the landscape of political activism and participation. © 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) IJRAR19D6034 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) 789 CONCLUSION: Cultural factors profoundly shape political participation and activism, influencing both the methods and motivations behind political engagement.
[99] Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda — Four principal types of informal institution can be identified, based on the degree of convergence between formal and informal institutional outcomes and the effectiveness of formal institutions,: (i) Complementary: reinforcing formal institutions and playing a key role in making them work, (ii) Accommodating: allowing actors to change
[107] PDF — no means endemic to comparative politics but shared by other research fields, quantitative methods included. Quantitative methodologists have made a great effort to revise existing methods and invent new methods stimulated by the recent revolutions. However, the challenges are so profound that isolated endeavor is sub-optimal and inefficient.
[125] Understanding the Comparative Method in Political Science — Comparative Politics – Issues and TrendsExploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. Imagine trying to understand the political systems of different countries without a method to compare them. Unlike other methods like experimental, statistical, or case study methods, the comparative method focuses on comparing political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts to identify patterns and draw conclusions. The comparative method is a powerful research strategy in political science that helps us understand political systems, institutions, processes, and behaviors across different contexts. By using the comparative method, researchers can formulate and test hypotheses, identify causal relationships, and develop generalizable theories that help us make sense of the complex political world.
[130] Comparative Politics Midterm Study Flashcards - Quizlet — - Comparative Politics as a Method: Comparative politics is essential for understanding global political phenomena by systematically studying and comparing political systems, institutions, and outcomes. It helps identify patterns and causal relationships between variables, allowing researchers to develop theories that explain why political outcomes differ across countries.
[131] 2.3: Case Selection (Or, How to Use Cases in Your Comparative Analysis) — If we decide to select a high number of cases, we often say that we are conducting large-N research. Thus, random sampling is not a reliable approach when it comes to case studies. One can make the argument that case selection may not be as important in large-N studies as they are in small-N studies. In this approach, cases are selected as they allow researchers to compare their similarities or their differences. In a Most Similar Systems Design Design, the cases selected for comparison are similar to each other, but the outcomes differ in result. In this approach we are interested in keeping as many of the variables the same across the elected cases, which for comparative politics often involves countries.
[132] Exploring Different Methods of Comparison in Political Science • PolSci ... — Comparative Politics & Gov. Comparative Government and PoliticsThis subject explores the diverse political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries, providing insights into their governance and political dynamics. Comparative Politics – Issues and TrendsExploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. So, let’s dive into the fascinating world of comparative political studies and explore the different methods used in this field. Whether it’s the rigorous causality of experimental methods, the in-depth analysis of case studies, the broad trends identified by statistical methods, the nuanced understanding from focused comparisons, or the rich historical context provided by historical methods, each approach contributes to our understanding of political phenomena.
[134] Seminar 5: How to Select Cases and Make Comparisons — But what is a case? The weakest case studies are perhaps those selected to illustrate a theory. This is why we describe small N case study research as ‘purposive’. In case study research, one needs a counter-factual, and an engagement with an alternative hypotheses/explanations for the same outcome. In the method of difference you select cases that are similar in every relevant characteristic expect for two: the outcome you are trying to explain (y – dependent variable), and what you think explains this outcome (x – independent variable). The method of agreement works the other way around: everything between the two cases is different except for the explanation (x) and the outcome (y).
[135] Seminar 5: How to Select Cases and Make Comparisons — Case selection Since the case is often constructed on the basis of a specific outcome or theory of interest, case selection is purposive i.e. it is not based on random sampling. It is theory driven. In case studies, researchers want to explain a given outcome such as the re-emergence of far-right politics in Europe, and therefore they must violate the statistical rule of "choosing cases on
[137] 7 Common Mistakes in Interpreting Political Polls — Most political commentators are not trained in psychology or statistics, so they are prone to perpetuate common misinterpretations of polling results and political preferences. In the next month
[138] The seven deadly sins of statistical misinterpretation, and how to ... — If the difference is smaller than the margin of error, there is likely no meaningful difference, and the variation is probably just down to random fluctuations. When such margins of error overlap, the difference is likely to be due to statistical noise. You can avoid this error by asking for the “effect size” of the differences between groups. When you’re dealing with average people, small group differences often don’t matter. But sometimes the graph maker chooses a narrower range to make a small difference or association look more impactful. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 198,300 academics and researchers from 5,130 institutions.
[149] Selection Bias in Comparative Research: The Case of Incomplete Data ... — Selection bias is an important but often neglected problem in comparative research. While comparative case studies pay some attention to this problem, this is less the case in broader cross-national studies, where this problem may appear through the way the data used are generated.
[151] Revisiting Bias in Qualitative Research - Paul Galdas, 2017 — Recognizing and understanding research bias is crucial for determining the utility of study results and an essential aspect of evidence-based decision-making in the health professions. Research proposals and manuscripts that do not provide satisfactory detail on the mechanisms employed to minimize bias are unlikely to be viewed favorably. But what are the rules for qualitative research studies
[152] Sage Reference - The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics - Case Studies — Sage Reference - The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics - Case Studies Scholars who utilize different methods also tend to agree on the importance of methodological pluralism, arguing that while case studies can stand on their own, they can also complement, improve, check, and deepen other methods, especially large-N quantitative studies. Indeed, scholars continue to debate best practices and relative advantages of different methods and to use the term ‘case study’ in confusing ways, especially in informal conversation. Case studies embrace and utilize the spatial and especially temporal connections between observations while quantitative methods assume the independence of observations, often viewing connections among observations and temporal sequencing as problems to be solved [Page 51](e.g., when scholars insert autoregressive terms as a problem-solving procedure without a substantive interest in those terms).
[157] Statistical Methods for Comparative Studies - Wiley Online Library — the comparative effectiveness of the techniques in reducing bias. In addition, we discuss methods that combine features of two or more techniques. Chapter 14 deals with many of the practical issues that must be faced before drawing causal inferences from comparative studies. Use of the Book
[158] The Utility of Statistical Method in Comparative Political Analysis — The Utility of Statistical Method in Comparative Political Analysis • PolSci Institute Understanding Political TheoryPolitical theory provides the analytical tools to critically examine political ideas, ideologies, and institutions, fostering a deeper understanding of governance and power dynamics. Comparative Politics & Gov. Comparative Government and PoliticsThis subject explores the diverse political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries, providing insights into their governance and political dynamics. Comparative Politics – Issues and TrendsExploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. The Utility of Statistical Method in Comparative Political Analysis The statistical method is a powerful tool in comparative political analysis, offering precision, objectivity, and the ability to study multiple variables and long-term trends.
[162] The Modern Relevance of Comparative Politics and Public Policy — Comparative Politics has evolved to include public policy and political economy, moving from grand theories to specific problem-solving approaches. This shift focuses on the state's role in development and the impact of political choices on economic outcomes. The integration of public policy allows for a detailed analysis of policy inputs and outcomes, linking political science with public
[163] Trends in Political Science Research and the Progress of Comparative ... — The analysis corresponds to and complements extant descriptions of how the field has developed, providing evidence of three 'revolutions' that shaped comparative politics—the divorce of political science from history during its early years, a behavioral revolution that lasted until the late 1960s, and a second scientific revolution after
[176] Formulating/Extracting Hypotheses - A Political Science Guide — Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science. World Politics 43 (2): 169-195. Abstract: "Scholars in comparative politics and international relations routinely evaluate causal hypotheses by referring to counterfactual cases where a hypothesized causal factor is supposed to have been absent. The methodological status and the
[177] The Behavioral Revolution and the Remaking of Comparative Politics ... — This article describes the factors that triggered the so-called behavioural revolution in comparative politics including the stress between universal and contextualized knowledge, work on political development and modernization theory, and the Social Science Research Council's (SSRC) establishment of the Committee on Comparative Politics.
[178] Impact of Globalization on Democracy and Human Rights — Globalization has led to the acceptance of liberal democracy and free market economy as the most desirable political and economic institutions worldwide. This has resulted in democratic transitions and transformations in Asian, African, Latin American, and post-communist societies. There is a newfound consensus on the concept of minimalist liberal democracy under the global aid industry.
[179] PDF — one. Here, I explore the role of globalization by conceptualizing both its differential impact on cultural groups in multicultural societies and its impact on the state's ability to support institutions that provide social order. I argue that the institutions of political participation and resource allocation are the crucial
[180] Globalisation's Impact on Democratic Decision Making within States — Globalisation affects democratic decision-making by diluting traditional notions of consent and sovereignty. The rise of neoliberalism and the influence of international financial institutions like the World Bank and IMF introduce external pressures on domestic policies. This shift questions the relevance of local, regional, and national governance structures, necessitating a reevaluation of
[181] Local Democracy as a Bastion Against Democratic Backsliding ... — In the face of global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, growing distrust of representative institutions, and increasing political polarization, local and regional governments have emerged as crucial players in bolstering democratic resilience. This panel aims to examine the pivotal role of local democracy in countering democratic backsliding by fostering strong, accountable
[182] PDF — Accordingly, political party systems with stronger commitment to democracy and pluralism strengthen the resilience capacity of a democracy by protecting it against anti-democratic political actors (Coppedge et al. Building upon existing contributions in interdisciplinary resilience studies as well as 30 democratization research we argued that in order to understanding how democracies can counter autocratization, respond to democratic backsliding and bolster existing democratic institutions, practices and processes, it is necessary to differentiate between democratic resilience as performance (the level or degree of resilience a system exhibits at a given point in time) and resilience as capacity (a set of measurable characteristics within a given political system, which influence the level of democratic resilience).
[194] The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics - Oxford Academic — Part I includes articles surveying the key research methodologies employed in comparative politics (the comparative method, the use of history, the practice and status of case-study research, and the contributions of field research) and assessing the possibility of constructing a science of comparative politics.
[201] GOV 20: Foundations of Comparative Politics | Steve Levitsky — Provides an introduction to key concepts and theoretical approaches in comparative politics. Major themes include the causes of democratization, economic development, ethnic conflict, and social revolutions; as well as the role of the state, political institutions, and civil society. Examines and critically evaluates different theoretical approaches to politics including modernization, Marxist
[203] Comparative Politics: Meaning, Scope and Its Evolution | Political System — It can be stated with certainty that right from the days of Aristotle, comparative study of political institutions, governments and processes has been developing as a major and popular area of investigation with a large number of political scientists. In the 19th century, Comparative Politics studies (Popularly designated as Comparative Government) were used by the political scientists for arriving at correct and valid conclusions regarding the nature and organisation of state and government through a comparative study of organisation, powers and functions of various political institutions working in various states.
[206] South Africa After 20 Years Of Democracy: A Case Study — The Third Wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century, that the viability of global democracy should be analysed within a historical and global context. He emphasises that the statistical evidence is still in favour of democracy, with 63% of all states classifiable as electoral democracies and 46% as substantial
[208] Factors supporting the emergence of democracies - GSDRC — It focuses on enabling factors to bring about such democratic transitions, and does not look at the factors required for democratic consolidation or to sustain democracies. Mass mobilisation was a critical factor in most of the successful democratic transitions reviewed here. Mass protests created an irreversible momentum for change, and often
[214] The Role of Civil Society in Conflict Prevention and Resolution ... — Civil society plays a significant role in conflict prevention, containment, and resolution. It promotes participatory democracy and equitable resource sharing, raising awareness of rights and entitlements. NGOs advocate for minority rights, address grievances, and mediate disputes, helping to avoid long-term conflicts.
[217] Economic inequality leads to democratic erosion, study finds — Economic inequality leads to democratic erosion, study finds | University of Chicago News One side has three stacks of coins while the other has one.](https://news.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/styles/full_width/public/images/2025-01/Economic%20inequality_democracy%20study%20hero.png?itok=GgJ59D6G) A new study helps us better understand one of the possible driving forces behind the erosion of democratic norms and institutions: economic inequality. Susan Stokes](https://news.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/styles/full_width/public/images/2021-04/stokes.jpg?itok=83lq3_16) Democracy , Department of Political Science , Income Inequality , Polarization , Susan Stokes [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/allen-sanderson-who-sparked-love-economics-undergraduates-1943-2025) [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-event-examines-impact-and-future-chicago-principles-10th-anniversary) [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-launches-new-major-climate-and-sustainable-growth) [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/raisin-sun-comes-home-south-side-uchicagos-court-theatre) [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/what-effect-will-trumps-tariffs-have-us-economy) [](https://news.uchicago.edu/story/john-p-jack-gould-renowned-economist-and-former-chicago-booth-dean-1939-2024)
[218] PDF — One important topic absent from prior literature on the relationship between income inequality and civic participation is the moderating role of institutional quality in the relationship between civil society participation and political stability. We show that, although the relationship between (a) income inequality and civic participation, and (b) civic participation and political instability may generally hold, it is crucially affected by the quality of institutions across countries. 10 Overall, our estimates in Tables 3 and 4 suggest that, absent necessary institutional environment (i.e., where the quality of institutions is very low), higher income inequality leads to higher civic participation, which in turn leads to more political instability.
[240] What is comparative politics? - Definition, History and Theories — In this article we will learn What is comparative politics? Comparative politics is one of the core element of political science. Comparative politics means comparing the political systems of different states. Comparative politics is as old as political theory. Aristotle is regarded as the father of comparative politics. He studied 158 constitutions and gave the classification of constitutions
[241] Comparative politics - Wikipedia — Jump to content Toggle the table of contents Arend Lijphart argues that Comparative Politics does not have a substantive focus in itself, but rather a methodological one: it focuses on "the how but does not specify the what of the analysis." Peter Mair and Richard Rose advance a slightly different definition, arguing that Comparative Politics is defined by a combination of a substantive focus on the study of countries' Political Systems and a method of identifying and explaining similarities and differences between these countries using common concepts. Hermens, and Klaus von Beyme." Munck's periodization has been validated by Matthew Charles Wilson, "Trends in Political Science Research and the Progress of Comparative Politics," PS: Political Science & Politics 50(4)(2017): 979-984.
[242] Comparative Politics: Meaning, Scope and Its Evolution - Political System — It can be stated with certainty that right from the days of Aristotle, comparative study of political institutions, governments and processes has been developing as a major and popular area of investigation with a large number of political scientists. In the 19th century, Comparative Politics studies (Popularly designated as Comparative Government) were used by the political scientists for arriving at correct and valid conclusions regarding the nature and organisation of state and government through a comparative study of organisation, powers and functions of various political institutions working in various states.
[243] Key Concepts in Comparative Politics — Introduction to Comparative Politics Definition and Scope Comparative politics is the study of domestic political and economic institutions and systems across countries. It seeks to understand the causes of these institutions and their impact on society. The field examines various political systems, including democracy, autocracy, capitalism, and communism. Key Concepts in Comparative Politics
[248] How do political stability and policy affect a country's development ... — For example, countries with high levels of political instability such as Yemen and South Sudan have struggled with economic development and social issues like poverty and lack of access to education and healthcare. ... on the other hand, is the tool through which a government can direct a country's development. Effective policies can stimulate
[250] Political Stability's Impact on Economic Growth Explained - Collegenp — Understanding Political Stability and Economic Growth Political Economy Models: Indicate that political stability fosters an environment where economic policies can be predictably managed, reducing risk and encouraging investment. How does political stability affect economic growth? Political stability affects economic growth by creating a conducive environment for investment, fostering confidence among investors, enabling effective policy-making, and facilitating smooth functioning of economic activities, which collectively contribute to higher GDP growth rates. Can a country achieve economic growth without political stability? Strategies to enhance political stability include strengthening democratic institutions, promoting inclusive economic policies, developing effective conflict resolution mechanisms, and ensuring the rule of law. Political reforms aimed at increasing stability, improving governance, and ensuring the rule of law can stimulate economic growth.
[252] Evolution and Definition of Comparative Politics: A Modern Perspective — Comparative Politics - Issues and Trends Exploring the similarities and differences between political systems worldwide, Comparative Politics helps us understand how diverse governance models address common challenges. This field sheds light on global political trends, guiding policymakers and citizens in improving their own political
[282] The nature and future of comparative politics — The future of comparative politics is in doubt. This sub-discipline of political science currently faces a 'crossroads' that will determine its nature and role. In this essay, I make a (willfully distorted) plea that it should eschew the alternative of continuing to follow one or another versions of 'institutionalism' or that of opting completely for 'simplification' based on
[283] Comparative Politics as a Method of Analysis - polityprober.in — The study of Comparative Politics has undergone significant transformations, particularly with the advent of behavioralism, structural-functionalism, systems theory, and post-behavioral approaches. Comparative Politics as a Method of Analysis The increasing application of qualitative and quantitative methods, such as regression analysis, case studies, and ethnographic research, has further solidified Comparative Politics as a methodological framework. Comparative Politics as an Academic Discipline Beyond being a method of analysis, Comparative Politics has evolved into a distinct academic discipline within political science. 1. The Evolution of Comparative Politics as a Discipline Comparative Politics: Method vs. 3. Strengths of Comparative Politics as a Discipline Comparative Politics, as both a method and a discipline, plays a crucial role in political science.
[289] Mixed Methods in Comparative Politics - Springer — 'A central issue in the social sciences today is how to combine different analytic methods and accomplish effective multi-method research. In Mixed Methods in Comparative Research, Dirk Berg-Schlosser provides an exemplary demonstration of mixed methods research focused on a specific substantive question the survival/breakdown of democracy in inter-war Europe.
[291] PDF — EVAN S. LIEBERMAN Princeton University D espite repeated calls for the use of "mixed methods" in comparative analysis, political scientists have few systematic guides for carrying out such work. This paper details a unified approach which joins intensive case-study analysis with statistical analysis. Not only are the advantages of each approach combined, but also there is a synergistic
[293] (PDF) Political Science Computing: A Review of Trends in Computer ... — The increase in computing power in the last four decades has had an enormous impact upon the way political scientists conduct research. In this article, we review the development of computing